Sunday, October 12, 2014
Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion: Meet the 8 Anti-Diva Design Stars Who Are Transforming Fashion Now
The fresh green
shoots of fashion are gathering in a baking New Jersey cornfield for their
generational portrait. Joseph Altuzarra and Danielle Sherman, creative director
at Edun, have driven out from their studios in New York City. From London,
Simone Rocha, Peter Pilotto, and his design partner, Christopher De Vos, are
blinking in the blinding sun. Their London compatriot Jonathan Anderson of
J.W.Anderson is looking dazed after landing from Tokyo, direct from the opening
of a new outpost of Loewe (his new gig). Anthony Vaccarello has arrived from
Paris, Marco de Vincenzo from Rome.
Though it’s up in the 90s out here on
the farm, there’s no sign of anyone wilting or complaining. Hanging in the
shade of the location truck, they’re behaving true to peer-group form—being
sociable, joking, keeping one another going. They’re happy to be here, this
hardy crop. They’re the anti-divas,
the grounded ones. The children of the crash.
Their background stories could make an
economist’s mind boggle. All eight began slap-bang in the carnage of the global
financial crisis, sending out their delicious micro-varieties of
clothes—colorful, individualistic, well made, and expertly targeted things—into
a fashion world that had turned
dull and conservative. “What happened with our generation?” Altuzarra is trying
to explain how things went right. “We really had to sell those clothes. Because
we’ve built these brands during a recession, there is a pragmatic approach to
clothing. You have to be unique—be your own brand.”
It’s been less a style movement than a
careful infiltration by fresh, creative, business-sensible minds coming from
behind the scenes and out of cupboard-size studios in New York, London, Paris,
and Rome. Altuzzara vividly remembers starting up in his Manhattan apartment in
2008. “I was at Givenchy, and I thought that if I wasn’t going to do it then,
well, when? We opened selling the day after the market crash. Which”—he
laughs—“was awesome.”
A fearlessness came into it.
Vaccarello says he didn’t feel a moment’s angst when he left Fendi and gambled
his livelihood on a tiny collection of five jackets and five swimsuits in Paris
in 2009. “It was the perfect time!” he insists. “I’d saved up—I never wanted to
borrow from a bank like designers did before—and I knew my customers were
waiting.”
What counted vitally was a laser-like
instinct for knowing whom you’re speaking to—whether that means Vaccarello and
his talent for sexily sliced tailoring or someone like Sherman, his polar
opposite, who started her career with Ashley and Mary-Kate Olsen as the
perfectionist designer of T-shirts at The Row. “Everything I do has to be quite
functional and have an integrity and honesty,” she says. A fabric geek, Sherman
took a route behind the scenes, where she learned to work closely with local
factories, and then to Asia with Alexander Wang. (“I was his twelfth employee!”
she boasts.) She’s now quickly upgrading Edun to a polished designer level for
New York Fashion Week while building the collection’s ethical production to 85
percent–made in Africa status.
Now aged between 28 (Rocha) and 37
(Pilotto), these crash babies have become adult professionals attracting all
kinds of fashion attention amid an upsurge of sponsorship, mentorship, and
prizes that arrived to support young designers in the mid-2000s. Altuzarra
benefited from winning the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund in New York; Peter Pilotto,
Anderson, and Rocha from London’s NEWGEN sponsorship; Peter Pilotto, meanwhile,
also won the BFC/Vogue Fashion Fund in London. In France, Vaccarello took both
the Hyères prize and the Paris ANDAM prize, and in Italy, de Vincenzo emerged
through Italian Vogue’s Who Is On Next? competition. It’s made them all much
more open to building relationships than the designers who went before. As
independents, they’ve been meshed into the culture of publicity-generating
collaborations—most recently, Anthony Vaccarello x Versus Versace; J Brand x
Simone Rocha; Altuzarra for Target. With Instagram and Web video, they’ve moved
even faster.
Rocha, with her sweet-but-tomboyish
dresses and Lucite-heeled brogues, and Peter Pilotto, with its mesmerically
textural colors, have quietly gathered customers from across the globe—a far
cry from the fate of London’s lone-wolf indie designers in the nineties. They
get out and travel, learning to calibrate their collections for different
climates and cultures—and they’ll never boast about just how successful they
have been. Pilotto practically has to have his arm twisted before he admits,
“Well, we sell to 200 stores on six continents. There’s only one we don’t sell
to—Antarctica!”
This serious, savvy generation has
even transformed the attitudes of major luxury-fashion conglomerates, which are
suddenly in a flurry of competition to sign them up. Altuzarra is in expansion
mode, designing in a renovated office after negotiating a minority investment
from France’s Kering group. “Having a partner like Kering, who are able to fold
you into their manufacturing capabilities, is something that makes a huge
difference,” he says. Anderson, with a new minority investment from LVMH, has
moved out of the unheated basement in Shacklewell Lane where he and his stylist
Benjamin Bruno froze in the winters; now he’s in a three-story building with an
e-commerce studio. In Rome, de Vincenzo is turning out his beautifully
elaborate, streamlined clothes with a different kind of LVMH backing: He’d
worked as a highly rated Fendi bag designer for ten years before telling the
company he was desperate to start his own collection of clothes. “Silvia Fendi
was brilliant,” de Vincenzo says. “She said I could stay and have my own
studio. I think it is a unique arrangement.” LVMH, Fendi’s parent company,
smartly got to keep its star bag designer—and to bet on his future in
ready-to-wear on the Milan runway.
Now their talent and knowledge are
beginning to be almost as highly valued by the fashion establishment as Premier
League footballers are in sport. The analogy works for the 30-year-old
Anderson: As he shoulders the dual responsibilities of managing his own brand
and being creative director of Loewe, he talks about it in sporting terms. “My
dad was an Irish national rugby player. He’s always drilling it into me: ‘It’s
all about your team!’ ”
What’s really different about this
generation, though, are the family, friends, and loyal stylists around them. “I
like growing with the people who know me and support me,” says Vaccarello.
Rocha’s mother, Odette, is her business partner. Anderson’s brother, Thomas, is
his HR director. Altuzarra’s mother, Karen, is chairman of the board, and
Altuzarra’s words stand for the whole group: “I believe in creating this like a
family—one that has worked together from the beginning. To me, that’s a
beautiful thing.” If there is a common denominator among all these disparate
talents, the thing that has taken them all past survival to the point of
flourishing, it is their normality, their loyalty. They’re rooted.
Friday, October 10, 2014
Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion - The Shiny Uniqlo Empire Has A Dark Side
I’m a snob about Japanese
fashion. After living and shopping in Tokyo for a couple of years, I could
no longer go shopping in the US — I had no patience for it. The styles,
silhouettes, creativity, and perfection of fashion in Tokyo just don’t exist
anywhere else in the world.
You might be thinking I'm a
pretentious snob, right? But I promise I’m actually on decently sound footing
here.
Valerie Steele, a fashion historian
at the Fashion Institute of Technology and director of the school's museum, is
with me. "In Tokyo, you have access to so many really brilliant
designers," she says. "I think shopping in Tokyo is the best shopping
in the world.”
Apart from the creativity, she
says, ”Japanese are very concerned with quality and with attention to detail —
much more than Americans who really wouldn’t know a good garment from a bad one
for the most part. ... But the Japanese are looking very carefully at every
detail, the material, construction, etc. and have very high standards of what
qualifies as good, well-made clothing.”
Uniqlo, Japan’s largest apparel
retailer, opened a store in New York City in 2006. I was over the moon.
Finally, I could get Japanese clothing in the US.
In Japan, Uniqlo isn’t exactly
considered "fashion." It sells relatively cheap, well-made basics.
But basics cut in a Japanese style, with that attention to detail? Here in the
US, that is a kind of fashion. And Uniqlo has become really popular.
”The key example I think of is the
little puffer jacket that Uniqlo launched," Steele says. "Now you see
everybody wearing it, everyone from kids on the street, housewives, workers, to
the trendiest fashion people.”
And with their special
"techno-fabrics" and collaborations with well-known designers, Uniqlo
has become a mainstay in the retail and fashion worlds. This fall, Uniqlo
nearly doubled the number of stores it operates in the US, opening new branches
from Los Angeles to Boston.
There’s also been a lot of
appreciative gushing over Uniqlo’s Japanese-inspired customer service.
Employees are taught to present and take customer credit cards with two hands,
in formal Japanese style.
“You greet the customer always
smiling, perfect posture, things like that," explains Delese Baker, a
store supervisor at Uniqlo’s Soho store. "At meetings, everyone’s supposed
to stand feet apart, hands in the front — always have your badges, notepads.”
There are even "Six Standard
Phrases" that every Uniqlo employee has to memorize: phrases they chant to
each other at store meetings. There are a lot of rules, and expectations are
high. "These shirts right here that are button-down, you’re supposed to be
able to fold seven in a minute,” Baker explains cheerily.
It all makes for a pleasant
shopping experience. But all the nitpicky rules, rigorous standards and
emphasis on perfection have also generated some flack.
Japan is known for its rigid work
culture, where long hours are the norm. But even by Japanese standards, Uniqlo
has a particularly bad reputation.
Fumihito Matsuo, a former Uniqlo
store manager in Tokyo, says the working environment at Uniqlo was just bad —
strict enough to be the military. “In Japan, Uniqlo is known as a 'black
company,'" he says.
"Black" or
"evil" companies are ones that exploit their workers, harrassing them
and forcing them to work excessive hours and unpaid overtime. Some ex-workers
in the US have said it’s worse than the military — it's more like a slave ship.
And it’s not just a few people
complaining. In 2011, Japanese journalist Masuo Yokota published a book called
the "The Glory and Disgrace of the Uniqlo Empire." The book alleges
almost slave-like treatment of Uniqlo’s factory workers in China and store employees
in Japan. Uniqlo sued for defamation, but lost both the case and the appeal.
They’ve now taken the case to the Japanese Supreme Court.
Matsuo thinks things may have
gotten somewhat better since he quit a year ago, but he insists the book tells
it like it is.
Larry Meyer, Uniqlo’s US CEO,
points out that perfection has trade-offs. “Retail is not for the lazy. We are
a team. Our brand is a function of how well our team represents our brand. To
that extent, it’s not a free for all," he says. "If you want to be an
individual artist, I’m fine with that; you don't have to work for me.”
He says there are mechanisms here
and in Japan to ensure that people are treated fairly and are properly
compensated.
And even Matsuo points out that
working for the company had its upsides. For a 23-year-old only a couple years
out of college, he had a lot of responsibility and opportunities to
advance. He wouldn’t want to work there
again, but he still shops there.
“As a brand, I still like
Uniqlo," he says. And, of course, so do I.
Thursday, October 9, 2014
Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion Review: Moshi Moshi Nippon at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium
Offering
non-Japanese people free entry to Moshi Moshi
Nippon was a risky move on the part of Asobisystem, but it seemed to have
paid off.
Nearly
15,000 punters showed up for the Sept. 28 event at Tokyo Metropolitan
Gymnasium, and organizers say that 7,000 of them were non-Japanese.
Speaking
to some attendees, the main draw was a chance to see Kyary Pamyu Pamyu, the
Asobisystem management company’s star act, for free. She played a lineup of
hits: “Fashion Monster,” “Ninja Re Bang Bang” and, of course, “Ponponpon.”
Likely
motivated from Kyary’s overseas notability, the Moshi Moshi Nippon has sought
to draw in like-minded fans of Harajuku’s kawaii brand of culture. This has
included TV shows, websites and events in France, England and the United
States.
A
long line of non-Japanese, including teenagers and 30-somethings, wound its way
outside the site and reception was pretty smooth. Translators, marked with
their job description in green font emblazoned on black T-shirts, wandered
around the venue in case of questions. Moshi Moshi Nippon looked less like a
music festival and more of an Asobisystem showcase.
A
viewing area was roped off near the front of the stage and labeled “foreigners
only,” which caused some people on social
media to wonder if the special treatment would ostracize them from Japanese
fans. They needn’t have bothered, though, because the non-Japanese attendees
seemed to be more interested in the antics of the Japanese fans than what was
on stage.
Hard-core
idol fans were out in full force, with acts such as Silent Siren and
Dempagumi.inc playing the main stage and other stages catering exclusively to
up-and-coming idol acts. They performed otagei, specially rehearsed cheering
dances, everywhere — even outside the venue at the DJ-centric Matsuri stage.
The
smaller and busier Nippon Stage even offered non-Japanese and Japanese alike
the chance to learn more about the idol subculture they likely only know via
megastar groups such as AKB48. Nearly 30 new groups, such as drop, Camouflage
and Cheeky Parade performed there and the audience was filled with dedicated
fans.
Those
fans were what really made the Nippon
Stage entertaining. They screamed out lyrics during the performances, and
dance moves looked as if they were influenced by martial arts at times — many
non-Japanese stood in the back and watched with fascination. Not bad for a free
ticket.
Wednesday, October 8, 2014
Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion: Zen-Loving CEO Rewrites the Rules of Retail
On a gray spring morning in Paris, behind the
facade of an 18th century building on the Place Vendome, a flying insect has
somehow made its way through an arched doorway, past a limestone courtyard and
into the headquarters of Comme des Garcons International, where it is now
buzzing around the head of Chief Executive Officer Adrian Joffe.
Not for long.
As Joffe sits at a glass table in his office,
calmly discussing the relationship between artistic integrity and profit, he
suddenly raises his right arm and executes a rapid swatting motion reminiscent
of an Andy Roddick first serve. In a split second, the fly is gone and Joffe
continues speaking, making no acknowledgment of the interruption aside from a
barely perceptible grin.
To those who aren’t familiar with Joffe -- a
seemingly mild-mannered executive with a background in Zen Buddhism and
linguistics -- this matter-of-fact extermination of another living being might
seem surprising. But as Bloomberg Pursuits magazine reports in its Autumn 2014
issue, those who know him well would recognize one of his most-marked
qualities: not a killer instinct exactly but, rather, a clean efficiency, a
knack for swiftly removing distractions so as to focus on what’s important.
Innovative
Brand
Comme des Garcons, founded in Tokyo 45 years ago
by the reclusive designer Rei Kawakubo -- Joffe’s wife since 1992 -- is perhaps
the most enduringly innovative fashion
brand of modern times. From the start, Kawakubo’s goal has been to rise above
market forces to freely create new things, be they jackets with three sleeves
or androgynous, abstract garments that upend standard notions of clothing, gender and beauty.
Despite its renegade bona fides, Comme, as its
devotees call it, is also a business, and it’s up to Joffe to help keep it
profitable. At a time when the art-commerce balancing act is a daunting
challenge for many creative companies, Joffe, who has no formal training in
either art or commerce, has become an unlikely master of juggling both. His
ideas often seem uncopyable -- until they’re widely copied. Such was the case
with Comme’s guerrilla stores, one-off, limited-run boutiques that served as
the prototypes for today’s ubiquitous pop-up shops.
Creativity
Pharrell Williams -- whose new unisex scent with
Comme puts him in an esteemed club of fragrance collaborators that includes the
design firm Artek and London’s Serpentine Gallery -- says that creativity
remains Joffe’s top priority, with commerce running a very close second.
“Money doesn’t make ideas; ideas make money,”
Williams observes. He describes Comme des Garcons as a kind of brilliant
biosphere, with Joffe as the curator who gives Kawakubo’s creations their
essential context. “If Comme is like a snow globe, Adrian is the water,”
Williams says.
Joffe certainly doesn’t fit the standard profile
of a 61-year-old CEO -- and not just because he dresses in head-to-toe black,
often with a pair of graffitied Doc Martens on his feet. The shoes are a
limited-edition Comme collaboration adorned with slogans by his wife, including,
significantly, “My energy comes from my freedom.”
One of Joffe’s many tasks at the company is to
act as interpreter and gatekeeper for the resolutely private Kawakubo, who
speaks little English and shows no interest in making herself understood to the
outside world.
“That’s the worst part of my job,” Joffe says.
“It’s hard to explain her, and I don’t really want to. But I am somewhat of a
realist, and for business, you have to try.” Continue
reading...
Tuesday, September 23, 2014
Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion Week Unveils Schedule
SMALL
IN JAPAN: While all eyes are still on Europe, Japan’s capital is
gearing up for its own fashion
week, scheduled to take place during the third week of October.
At a press conference on
Thursday, organizers released the official show schedule, as well as details on
some related events. This season, there will be few newcomers participating in
the shows, and even fewer international brands.
The week is to open with
Hanae Mori, a Japanese
brand steeped in history that will be re-launching with a new designer. As
reported, Henry Holland will also be in town to show his spring House of Holland collection.
A handful of brands that
are normally on the top of editors’ lists to see are downsizing from a runway
show to an installation this season. These include Somarta, Yasutoshi Ezumi and
Motonari Ono.
Versus Tokyo, a related
event that is open to the public and consists of both fashion shows and music
events lasting through the night, will also be returning this season. Brands
that will show during Versus include Mr. Gentleman, Facetasm and Toga Virilis,
the men’s line of Toga.
Buyers whose trips to Japan
Fashion Week will be sponsored by the Japan External Trade Organization, or
JETRO, include representatives from Galeries Lafayette, Surrender and Front Row
in Singapore, Heavy Selection in Thailand, and Brooklyn-based Bird. For the
second season in a row, Nick Wooster will also be in town for the week’s
festivities.
Thursday, September 18, 2014
Fashion Festival off to Exciting Start by Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion
For
Ae'lkemi designer Alvin Fernandez, it was "an honour" to open the
2014 Telstra Perth Fashion
Festival last night along with two of Asia's most respected couturiers,
Michael Cinco and Sebastian Gunawan.
Ae'lkemi showed 25 exquisite outfits as part of
a new couture collection created especially for the opening night, International Runway - Beyond
Imagination.
"The collection is partly inspired by
Venetian Gothic architecture," Fernandez explained after the show, the
first to be held at the festival's new
Fashion Paramount venue at the Perth Concert Hall.
"I liked the idea of the contrast between
structure and fluidity and also having a lot of different textures in an
all-white dress, for example."
Many dresses featured intricate hand-finished
French beading and experiments with laser-cut leather, a first for the Ae'lkemi
brand.
"We still wanted to stay pretty true to our
signature, which is elegant, nipped in at the waist, skimming the hips,"
Fernandez said.
"There's a lot of detail in there, but we also
wanted some palate-cleansers, some simpler pieces before you go into the more
in-your-face red carpet pieces of the finale."
Fernandez said the presence of delegates from
the Asian Couture Federation and Singapore's FIDe Fashion Weeks was a valuable
opportunity to showcase his work to a wider international audience.
"This is a valuable market that we really
want to tap into," he said.
"For us to show the rest of the world what
we can do is always a plus, and being given opening honours was huge for us."
Watching all the glamour from the front row were
celebrities Dannii Minogue - flying the flag for WA design in an Aurelio
Costarella outfit - Kate Waterhouse, Matthew and Lauren Pavlich, Coterie group
member Emma Milner and international fashion blogger Diane Pernet.
Premier Colin Barnett, Lord Mayor Lisa Scaffidi
and Asian Couture Federation chairman Frank Cintamani were among the
dignitaries welcoming guests to the week-long festival.
Michael Cinco, who is based in Dubai but was
born in the Philippines, has dressed the likes of Sofia Vergara, Beyonce and
Rihanna, while Indonesian designer Sebastian Gunawan has built up a loyal
fashion following throughout south-east Asia.
Both designers featured detailed beading,
embroidery, sequins and lace-work.
Tonight Flannel designer Kristy Lawrence will
premiere her summer collection in Perth for the first time, while Morrison and
One Fell Swoop will share the runway with cult New Zealand labels Zambesi and
Nom*D at the 3300 Miles Apart show.
Sunday, September 7, 2014
Newport International Runway Group Tokyo Fashion on Menswear around the World
(FACEBOOK and PINTEREST) - IT'S RARE THAT Giuseppe Santamaria will stop a well-dressed man on the
street
to take his picture. Instead, the photographer and art director—a Sydney,
Australia-based Canadian expat—tends to capture subjects as they stroll on by,
often when they're freshly dressed and en route to work. Mr. Santamaria, 28,
who cites photographers like '60s-era Magnum lensman Ernst Haas as inspiration,
said, "It's about freezing that moment, seizing what that guy's life is
like." As a result, authentic energy infuses the images he shoots for his
four-year-old street-style blog, Men in This Town, which he has turned
into a book of the same name, available Sept. 2.
Mr. Santamaria traces his menswear fascination
to his Toronto childhood and a dapper Italian father partial to polos, short
shorts and wicker shoes. "I thought his was an older way of dressing,"
he said. "But now I wear the same shoes and shirts. It's this influence I
never realized I had."
Today, Mr. Santamaria's appreciation for
menswear is global. His new book documents five cities he's deemed menswear
capitals—New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Milan and London. His hometown didn't make
the cut. He explained, diplomatically: "Toronto is one of those cities
trying to find itself." Here, five images from "Men in This
Town" and Mr. Santamaria's take on the unique sartorial charms of each
locale.
ARTFUL TAILORING IN MILAN
"Milanese
men are born with taste, and not much changes," Mr. Santamaria said.
Still, he sees a difference between the generations. Younger men wear sportier
clothes, he explained, while more-tailored looks seem to be reserved for older
men. "There's almost a rite of passage," he added. "You have to
earn the right to pull off that suit." Having clocked a little time on
planet Earth can make a man more photogenic, added Mr. Santamaria: "[I
like] that you can see the experience and tradition in their faces." Many
of Mr. Santamaria's Milanese photos focus on these older gentlemen like fashion
showroom owner Alessandro Squarzi. Mr. Squarzi's élan comes via
spezzato—artfully mismatched jackets and trousers. Try it with a plaid blazer,
vest and khaki pants.
TOYKO'S SENSE
OF PRECISION
The Japanese city is hands-down Mr. Santamaria's
favorite to shoot. "[Tokyo residents] pay so much attention to what they
wear," he said. "They execute a look to the very last detail."
And that's true whether a guy is working an old-school dandy flourish or
parsing the finer points of high-quality raw denim. Regarding the latter, few
people do cool Americana better than the Japanese, who worship selvage denim,
chambray shirts and limited-edition sneakers. "It's the most amazing place
I've been to," he said. "You feel like you're engulfed in this other
universe."
MARRYING
PAST AND FUTURE IN LONDON
Mr. Santamaria pronounced men in London as
high-fashion-obsessed: "When you see something on the runway, you see it
on the streets a few weeks later." But it's not all about the
fashion-forward. London style mixes the new with the old. It's a look perfectly
captured by Dan Rookwood, the U.S. editor for e-commerce site Mr Porter, whom
Mr. Santamaria interviewed for his book. "He has this heritage look about
him but is always on top of whatever is new," said the photographer.
"It's not about wearing vintage, it's about wearing modern clothing but
sort of following the traditions of his dad's wardrobe." Note the
slimmed-down, contemporary cut of Mr. Rookwood's camel coat and his soft-frame
briefcase. For a similar effect, try AMI's camel coat, a classic Dunhill
pinstripe suit and the dandy-like flourish of a floral silk tie.
NEW YORK'S LAND OF
OPPORTUNITY
"New York is the most fun when it comes to
fashion," said Mr. Santamaria. "You have everything, from big-box to
luxury stores. This is where fashion is most accessible, and there's so much
opportunity to do things with your clothes." And not just clothes. About
the picture here, he commented in his book, "Nowhere but New York does a
mode of transportation become a fashion statement." To underline the
city's sense of fashion freedom, "Men in This Town" features an
interview with womenswear designers Jeffrey Costello and Robert Tagliapietra,
well known for their twinned uniforms of plaid shirts, suspenders and
lumberjack beards. "They've been doing it since the '90s," Mr.
Santamaria said. "They anticipated the hipster movement. They're
pioneers." Key elements of Gotham style: a subtly refined version of that
sportswear classic, a fisherman's knit, and a basic backpack recast in striped
wool and leather. The final touch is footwear that earned its street cred
decades ago, Converse's Chuck Taylors.
SYDNEY'S LIGHTER
TAKE ON TRADITION
Perhaps because he lives there, Mr. Santamaria
is a vocal proponent of Sydney's burgeoning menswear scene. "Especially in
the last five years or so, it's started to boom," he said. Men dress
appropriately for the mostly warm climate, but that doesn't mean flip-flops and
shorts. "You're starting to see looks done in a Neapolitan way, but it's
lighter and more free," Mr. Santamaria said. "It's a mix between
sartorial and beachy." Certainly a sharp-shouldered jacket worn with a
T-shirt and dashingly looped bohemian scarf strikes the right balance. As does
an unlined Boglioli jacket and smartly casual, moccasin-like boots.
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